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What Does Alexandra Meanqgoogle Can You Read That Again

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Kazakh computer scientist and founder of Sci-Hub

Alexandra Elbakyan
Alexandra Elbakyan

Elbakyan in 2021
Built-in (1988-xi-06) 6 November 1988 (age 33)

Alma-Ata, Kazakh SSR, Soviet Union
Nationality Kazakhstani
Alma mater
  • Saint Petersburg Land University (MS)
  • Satbayev Kazakh National Technical University (BS)
Occupation
  • Scientific activist
  • Researcher
  • Security hacker
Known for Sci-Hub
Movement Open Access
Scientific career
Fields Neural engineering, Information science
Website sci-hub.se/alexandra

Alexandra Asanovna Elbakyan (Russian: Алекса́ндра Аса́новна Элбакя́н,[1] [2] born 6 Nov 1988) is a Kazakhstani computer programmer and creator of the website Sci-Hub, which provides free access to enquiry papers without regard for copyright.[three] [4] [5] [6] According to a study published in 2018, Sci-Hub provides access to nearly all scholarly literature.[7]

Elbakyan has been described as "Science's Pirate Queen".[eight] In 2016, Nature included her in their summit ten people that mattered in science listing.[9] Since 2011, she has been living in Russia.[10] [eleven] [12] [13]

Background [edit]

Elbakyan was born in Almaty, Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic (then chosen Alma-Ata in the Soviet Union), on 6 November 1988.[xiv] [fifteen] She identifies as "multiracial having ... Armenian, Slavic and Asian roots."[xvi] Alexandra was raised by a single female parent, who was an accomplished computer programmer.[x]

Alexandra started programming at the age of 12, making web pages in HTML and later writing in PHP, Delphi, and Assembly languages.[10] She attempted to create a Tamagotchi powered by bogus intelligence.[17] She performed her starting time reckoner hack at the age of xiv; using SQL injection, she obtained access to all logins and passwords of her habitation internet provider. Later on, she discovered in that location were more vulnerabilities of the cross-site scripting type. She reported these bug to the internet provider, hoping to get a task with them, but this did not happen. Instead, the provider cut off her cyberspace access.[ten] Alexandra wrote in her blog that she hacked the first publisher website when she was fifteen. The publisher was MIT Press, which published online books on neuroscience, but they were locked behind a paywall that she could not afford. Alexandra wrote a PHP program that exploited a vulnerability on the website to download paywalled books without payment.[xviii]

In 2009, she obtained a Available of Science degree in computer science from the Kazakh National Technical University, specializing in data security.[4] She studied the possibility of using EEG brainwaves for hallmark instead of using a password.[19] [20] [21] While working on her thesis, Elbakyan discovered the paywall problem with accessing journal articles, as her university did not have access to many publications related to her work.

Alexandra became interested in developing encephalon–computer interfaces and in 2010 she joined the University of Freiburg to piece of work on such a projection,[22] [two] which eventually led to her summer internship in neuroscience at Georgia Institute of Technology in the United States.[23] The same year, Elbakyan spoke at the Humanity+ Peak at Harvard on the topic "Brain-Computer Interfacing, Consciousness, and the Global Brain".[24] Elbakyan'southward thought was to develop a new kind of brain-machine interface that would merge man and car qualia.[25] [26] She also participated in the Towards a Science of Consciousness conference that was held in Tucson, Arizona with the poster "Consciousness in Mixed Systems: Merging Artificial and Biological Minds via Brain-Auto Interface".[27]

From 2012 to 2014, she was a principal's student at College School of Economics in Moscow, merely and so dropped out.[viii] [28] [29] According to a 2016 interview, her neuroscience research was on concur, but she was enrolled in a history of science master'south program at a private university in an undisclosed location. Her thesis would focus on scientific communication.[4] In 2019, she graduated from Saint Petersburg Land University with a main's degree in linguistics.[12] [2] She currently lives in Moscow and is studying philosophy at the Russian Academy of Sciences.[eleven] [13] [30]

Sci-Hub [edit]

According to Elbakyan, Sci-Hub is a simplified version of a Global Brain because it "connects [the] brains of many researchers."[21] [31]

Elbakyan developed Sci-Hub in 2011 when she was in Republic of kazakhstan.[32] It was characterized by Science correspondent John Bohannon as "an awe-inspiring act of altruism or a massive criminal enterprise, depending on whom you inquire."[4] Elbakyan has stated that the script was initially intended to make access to bookish papers fast and user-friendly, without a global goal of making all science costless.[3]

When bookish publisher Elsevier sued Sci-Hub in the US in 2015, Elbakyan wrote a letter to the judge, wherein she explained her motives for starting the project: she could not afford to pay for each of the hundreds of papers she needed for her enquiry project, and then she had to pirate them.[33] [34] [35] She founded her website to help others in the same situation. In the letter Elbakyan has provided various arguments in support for her cause, such as Elsevier not being an writer of papers, and not paying the authors, mentioning that "The general stance in enquiry customs is that research papers should be distributed for free (open up access), non sold".[36]

Elsevier was granted an injunction against her and $15 million in damages.[37] [38] Following a lawsuit, Elbakyan remained in hiding due to the risk of extradition.[39] In that location were too lawsuits against Sci-Hub and Elbakyan from other publishers and in other countries.

Recognition and awards [edit]

Elbakyan speaking at Harvard in 2010

In Dec 2016, Nature named Elbakyan as one of the x people who most mattered in scientific discipline that year.[9] Researchers who use Sci-Hub often thank Elbakyan in the Acknowledgments section of their papers.[40]

For her actions in creating Sci-Hub, Elbakyan has been called a hero,[41] [42] for example by Nobel laureate Randy Schekman.[43] Ars Technica has compared her to Aaron Swartz,[44] and The New York Times has compared her to Edward Snowden.[31] Edward Snowden best-selling Sci-Hub to be one of the most important websites for academics in the earth.[45] She has as well been called a modernistic-solar day "Robin Hood"[46] [47] and a "Robin Hood of scientific discipline"[12] [48] and "Science'south Pirate Queen".[6] [8] [11]

Elbakyan has several biological species named in her honor:

  • Idiogramma elbakyanae, a species of parasitoid wasps discovered by Russian and Mexican entomologists in 2017.[49] Elbakyan was offended past this, proverb that "the real parasites are scientific publishers, and Sci-Hub, on the reverse, fights for equal access to scientific information."[50] The Russian entomologist responded that he supports Sci-Hub and naming was non an insult.[51] The article says that "The species is named in award of Alexandra Elbakyan (Republic of kazakhstan/Russia), creator of the spider web-site Sci-Hub, in recognition of her contribution to making scientific knowledge available for all researchers."[49]
  • Brachyplatystoma elbakyani, an extinct species of catfish discovered by Argentine paleontologists in 2020.[52] [53]
  • Spigelia elbakyanii, a species of angiosperm from United mexican states discovered in 2020.[54] [55]
  • Amphisbaena elbakyanae, a species of worm lizard discovered in 2021.[56]
  • Sibogasyrinx elbakyanae, a species of deep-sea snail discovered by researchers from Russia and France in 2021.[57]

Elbakyan was nominated twice for John Maddox Prize and fabricated it to the terminal shortlist.[58] Some researchers say that Elbakyan deserves a Nobel Prize for her piece of work.[13] [59] [sixty] Wildlife scientist T R Shankar Raman has stated in an interview: "I am non a fan of the Nobel Prizes, given they have their own biases and have failed to adequately acknowledge scientific contributions of women, for example. But given that its stated purpose is to honour those who take conferred the greatest benefit to humankind, Alexandra Elbakyan certainly qualifies."[61]

Views [edit]

Elbakyan is a potent supporter of the open up access movement. According to her, Sci-Hub is a true implementation of open admission principle in science.[62] She believes that science should be open up to all and not behind paywalls.[63]

She has described herself as a devout pirate and thinks that copyright law prevents the free exchange of data online and the costless distribution of cognition on the Internet.[63] [64] [65] In 2018, she asked supporters of Sci-Hub to join their local Pirate Party in order to fight for copyright laws to be inverse.[66]

Elbakyan has stated that she is inspired by communist ideals,[5] [67] and considers the common ownership of ideas to be essential for scientific progress.[41] In her 2016 interview to Vox, she said: "I like the thought of communism, and the idea that knowledge should be common and not intellectual holding is very relevant. That is especially true for information. Research articles are used for communication in science. But the discussion "advice" implies common ownership by itself."[3] She referenced the work of Robert Merton, who considered communism to be a part of scientific ethos.[41] [68] According to her, Sci-Hub is fighting for communism in science and against the current land of things when knowledge has become the private holding of corporations, considering knowledge belongs to everyone.[69]

Elbakyan does not consider herself a strict Marxist. She wanted to join either the Communist Party of the Russian Federation or Pirate Political party of Russia, but was unable to as membership in political parties is restricted to those with Russian citizenship.[12]

Elbakyan justified Sci-Hub by saying that lack of universal admission to bookish knowledge violates Article 27 of the United nations' Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which states that "anybody has the right freely to … share in scientific advocacy and its benefits."[41] [63] [70] [71] [72] [73] [74]

She has stated that she supports a strong country which can stand up to the Western world, and that she does not want "the scientists of Russia and of my native Kazakhstan to share the fates of the scientists of Iraq, Great socialist people's libyan arab jamahiriya, and Syria, that were 'helped' by the United states to get more than autonomous."[75] In 2012, she supported Putin'southward politics.[41]

Controversies [edit]

Elbakyan was in conflict with the liberal, pro-Western wing of the Russian scientific community.[8] According to her interview, she was attacked on the Cyberspace by 'science popularizers' who supported liberal views that led to Sci-Hub shutdown in Russia in 2017 for a few days.[76] In detail, Elbakyan was strongly critical of the one-time Dynasty Foundation (shut downwards in 2015) and its associated figures. She believes that the foundation was politicized, tied to Russia'south liberal opposition, and fit the legal definition of a "foreign agent". Dynasty'due south founder, in her opinion, financed researchers whose political views agreed with its ain.[75] Elbakyan states that subsequently she began to investigate the foundation'southward activities and published her findings online, she became the target of a cyberharassment campaign by Dynasty'south supporters.[77]

In Dec 2019, The Washington Post reported that Elbakyan was under investigation by the U.s.a. Justice Department for suspected ties to Russia's armed services intelligence arm, the GRU, to steal U.S. military machine secrets from defense contractors.[78] Elbakyan has denied this, saying that Sci-Hub "is not in any manner directly affiliated with Russian or some other state'south intelligence," but noting that "of form, there could be some indirect assist. The same as with donations, anyone tin transport them; they are completely anonymous, so I exercise not know who exactly is donating to Sci-Hub. There could exist some aid that I'k simply unaware of. I can only add that I write all of Sci-Hub code and design myself and I'g doing the server's configuration."[79]

On May 8, 2021, Elbakyan tweeted that the FBI had served a subpoena to Apple tree seeking her iCloud data. The tweet included a screengrab of the find from Apple tree.[80] The tweet was retweeted by Edward Snowden, who commented: "Members of Congress should be making calls virtually this. Journalists should be asking the White Business firm and DOJ questions. The founder of Sci-hub — unquestionably one of the most of import sites for academics in the world — should not be bailiwick to persecution for their piece of work."[45]

Works [edit]

  • Elbakyan, Alexandra (2016-02-24). "Why Sci-Hub is the true solution for Open up Access: reply to criticism".
  • Elbakyan, Alexandra (2016-05-twenty). "Why Science is Better with Communism? The Case of Sci-Hub". Open Access Symposium 2016, University of North Texas.
  • Elbakyan, Alexandra (2009) "Электроэнцефалограмма человека как биометрическая характеристика в системах контроля доступа" [Human EEG as a biometric feature in admission control systems] Available Thesis, Satbayev University.
  • Elbakyan, Alexandra (2019) "Образ Духа Божьего в текстах еврейской Библии" [Image of the Holy Spirit in Hebrew Bible texts] Master Thesis, Saint Petersburg Land University.

Come across too [edit]

  • Peter Sunde
  • Library Genesis
  • Open up Admission
  • ICanHazPDF
  • Copyright abolition
  • Aaron Swartz

References [edit]

  1. ^ Elbakyan, Alexandra. "Alexandra Elbakyan". Twitter. Archived from the original on 2016-03-eighteen. Retrieved 2021-10-24 .
  2. ^ a b c "Alexandra Elbakyan | Sci-Hub". Archived from the original on 2021-11-24.
  3. ^ a b c Belluz, Julia (2016-02-18). "Encounter the adult female who's breaking the police force to make science free for all". Vocalism. Archived from the original on 2016-02-19. Retrieved 2021-10-22 .
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  5. ^ a b "Transcript and translation of Sci-Hub presentation". University of Due north Texas. Retrieved January 1, 2017. Nosotros accept a recent addition to our lineup of speakers that we'll start off the mean solar day with: Alexandra Elbakyan. Equally many of you know, Alexandra is a Kazakhstani graduate student, figurer programmer, and the creator of the controversial Sci-Hub site.
  6. ^ a b Elbakyan, Alexandra; Bozkurt, Aras (2021). "A Critical Conversation with Alexandra Elbakyan: Is she the Pirate Queen, Robin Hood, a Scholarly Activist, or a Butterfly Flapping its Wings?". Asian Periodical of Altitude Education. xvi (1): 111–118.
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  23. ^ "People". Georgia Institute of Technology. Archived from the original on Jan 11, 2017. Alexandra Elbakyan ... Summer 2010 ... Programming and data analysis
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  32. ^ Peet, Lisa (August 25, 2016). "Sci-Hub Controversy Triggers Publishers' Critique of Librarian". Library Journal. Archived from the original on Jan 11, 2017. Elbakyan, a software programmer and neurotechnology researcher, created Sci-Hub originally out of frustration over lack of access to scholarly material in her native Kazakhstan
  33. ^ Meadows, Chris (2015-09-18). "Elsevier sues to shut down 'pirate' websites". TeleRead News: East-books, publishing, tech and across . Retrieved 2021-10-22 .
  34. ^ "Science "Pirate" Attacks Elsevier's Copyright Monopoly in Court * TorrentFreak". Retrieved 2021-10-22 .
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  39. ^ Bohannon, John (29 April 2016). "Who'due south downloading pirated papers? Anybody". Science. 352 (6285): 508–512. doi:x.1126/science.aaf5664. PMID 27126020. Elbakyan as well answered nearly every question I had about her operation of the website, interaction with users, and even her personal life. Among the few things she would not disclose is her electric current location, because she is at risk of fiscal ruin, extradition, and imprisonment considering of a lawsuit launched by Elsevier terminal twelvemonth.
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    • Basharat, Zarrin; Zaib, Shumaila; Yasmin, Azra (2018-07-14). "Communication : Theoretical Insights from Binding of Neigleria fowleri Jail cell Division Proteins with Amoebicidal Quassinoids": 367912. doi:ten.1101/367912. S2CID 91840611.
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    • Springer, Janusz; Szmuda, Tomasz; Kozłowski, Dariusz (2021-03-23). "Does the choice of drug in pharmacologic cardioversion correlate with the guidelines? Systematic review". Advances in Clinical and Experimental Medicine. 30 (3): 331–348. doi:10.17219/acem/130592. ISSN 1899-5276. PMID 33757165. S2CID 232340342.
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    • Wittka, Mirko (2020). "Designed bureau in collaborations: Exploring cross-sector collaboration in Republic of finland's artificial intelligence programme AuroraAI".
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  57. ^ Kantor, Yuri I.; Puillandre, Nicolas (2021-09-28). "Rare, deep-h2o and similar: revision of Sibogasyrinx (Conoidea: Cochlespiridae)". European Journal of Taxonomy (773): 19–60. doi:10.5852/ejt.2021.773.1509. ISSN 2118-9773. S2CID 244236952.
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  59. ^ Singh, Sidharth. "Will Indian researchers lose free access to scientific papers?". Newslaundry. Archived from the original on 2021-09-18. Retrieved 2021-ten-26 . Abi Tamim Vanak, a research acquaintance at the Ashoka Trust for Research on Environmental and the Environs, Bangalore, went and so far equally to argue that Elbakyan deserved a Nobel Prize. "SciHub has been my go to resource for accessing paywalled scientific literature. Alexandra Elbakyan has done more for science than all the top publishing houses in the world. She has freed knowledge from the clutches of corporate greed," he added. "She deserves a Nobel Prize."
  60. ^ Jose Luis, Gorriz (10 Jun 2020). "Alexandra Elbakyan is the person who has contributed the most to the dissemination of scientific discipline in the earth". Archived from the original on 2020-06-10. Alexandra Elbakyan is the person who has contributed the most to the dissemination of science in the world. Skillful candidate for the Nobel Prize. Scientists are very grateful for her work. It is time for the world to consider that access to science should exist facilitated
  61. ^ "Commercial Science Journals: A Luxury Market?". SBMT - Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical. Archived from the original on 2021-x-26. Retrieved 2021-10-26 . SBMT: Would you nominate Alexandra Elbakyan, from Sci-Hub for the Nobel Prize. If and so, how to start a global movement for this? Dr. TR Shankar Raman: I am not a fan of the Nobel Prizes, given they have their own biases and have failed to adequately acknowledge scientific contributions of women, for case. But given that its stated purpose is to award those who take conferred the greatest benefit to humankind, Alexandra Elbakyan certainly qualifies.
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  74. ^ "Sci-Hub Pledges Open Source & AI Alongside Crypto Donation Bulldoze * TorrentFreak". Retrieved 2021-10-28 .
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  76. ^ "Вернуть Sci-Hub | Алла Астахова.Ru". alla-astakhova.ru . Retrieved 2021-10-21 .
  77. ^ Зораб, Руслан (6 September 2017). "Александра Элбакян: о либералах, троллинге и блокировке Sci-Hub в России" (in Russian). Naked Science. Retrieved 21 October 2017.
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  80. ^ "'received a few minutes ago to my GMail. at first I thought it was a spam and was about to delete the e-mail, but it turned out to exist about FBI requesting my data from Apple'". Twitter. Archived from the original on eight May 2021. Retrieved ix May 2021.

Further reading [edit]

  • Belluz, Julia (18 February 2016). "Meet Alexandra Elbakyan, the researcher who's breaking the law to make science free for all". Vox.
  • Murphy, Kate (12 March 2016). "Should All Research Papers Be Free?". The New York Times.
  • Rosenwald, Michael S. (5 September 2017). "Meet the woman who put 50 meg stolen articles online so yous tin can read them for gratis". The Independent. Archived from the original on 2016-04-04.
  • Graber-Stiehl, Ian (8 Feb 2018). "Science's Pirate Queen". The Verge.
  • Nelson, Felicity (6 February 2019). "How one perplexing pirate is plundering the publishers". The Medical Republic.
  • Bozkurt, Aras (2021). "A Critical Conversation with Alexandra Elbakyan: Is she the Pirate Queen, Robin Hood, a Scholarly Activist, or a Butterfly Flapping its Wings?". Asian Journal of Distance Education.
  • Altınışık, Ezgi N. (27 Feb 2021) "A Robin Hood in the World of Science: Alexandra Elbakyan". Bilim ve Aydınlanma Akademisi.

External links [edit]

  • Elbakyan, Alexandra (2020), Elbakyan'southward autobiography
  • Engineuring – Elbakyan's blog

hoffmantace1994.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandra_Elbakyan

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